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Analytical Thought & Critical Logic Examination

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1

Which of the following arguments best exemplifies a non sequitur fallacy?

  • 1If it rains, the ground gets wet. Therefore, if the ground is wet, it must have rained.
  • 2If I study, I will pass the exam. Therefore, I passed the exam because I studied.
  • 3All ducks are birds. Therefore, if an animal is not a bird, it is not a duck.
  • 4The sun is yellow, and bananas are yellow, therefore, the sun is a banana.
2

Identify the example of post hoc ergo propter hoc.

  • 1If dogs bark, it means there is someone at the door.
  • 2All humans are mortal, and all Greeks are humans, thus all Greeks are mortal.
  • 3Since I started using this app, my productivity has doubled. Therefore, the app makes me more productive.
  • 4If a shape has four equal sides, it must be a square.
3

In a valid syllogism, which statement must be correct?

  • 1The major premise is true for all cases.
  • 2If the premises are true, the conclusion must logically follow.
  • 3The conclusion must contradict at least one premise.
  • 4The premises can be true even if the conclusion is false.
4

What is the primary flaw in circular reasoning?

  • 1The argument's conclusion is used as a premise.
  • 2It draws a conclusion from unverified assumptions.
  • 3It relies on factual inaccuracies.
  • 4It diverts attention from the real issue.
5

Which type of statement is inherently unverifiable?

  • 1Empirical observation
  • 2Logical deduction
  • 3Subjective opinion
  • 4Mathematical proof
6

A straw man argument is characterized by which of the following?

  • 1It appeals to authority rather than reason.
  • 2It misrepresents an opponent's argument to refute it easily.
  • 3It relies on ambiguous language for deception.
  • 4It uses tradition as the basis for the argument.
7

How does an ad hominem attack differ from a logical argument?

  • 1It provides evidence to support its claims.
  • 2It addresses the subject matter directly.
  • 3It appeals to a logical reason for its conclusions.
  • 4It attacks the person who is making an argument rather than the argument itself.
8

What is the primary purpose of a reductio ad absurdum argument?

  • 1To demonstrate that a premise leads to a contradiction when followed through logically.
  • 2To ensure both premises and conclusion are acceptable to both parties.
  • 3To use the opponent's logic to prove another unrelated point.
  • 4To simplify complex arguments into understandable analogies.
9

Identify the fallacy in the statement: "This medicine should work for you because it worked for my friend."

  • 1Appeal to Ignorance
  • 2Appeal to Authority
  • 3Anecdotal Fallacy
  • 4Slippery Slope
10

Which of the following illustrates a false dilemma?

  • 1If you are not with us, you are against us.
  • 2Since she didn't respond, she must agree.
  • 3After eating that cake, I felt ill, so the cake was bad.
  • 4You must vote for me or watch the world fall apart.
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